Beginning/Intermediate/Advanced Information

Component/Level*	Beginning	Intermediate	Advanced
Formulate Questions	Beginning awareness of the statistics question distinction Teachers pose questions of interest Questions restricted to the classroom	Increased awareness of the statistics question distinction Students begin to pose their own questions of interest Questions not restricted to the classroom	Students can make the statistics question distinction Students pose their own questions of interest Questions seek generalization
Collect Data	Do not yet design for differences Census of classroomSimple experiment	Beginning awareness of design for differences Sample surveys; begin to use random selection Comparative experiment; begin to use random allocation	Students make design for differences Sampling designs with random selection Experimental designs with randomization
Analyze Data	Use particular properties of distributions in the context of a specific example Display variability within a group Compare individual to individual Compare individual to group Beginning awareness of group to group Observe association between two variables	Learn to use particular properties of distributions as tools of analysis Quantify variability within a group Compare group to group in displays Acknowledge sampling error Some quantification of association; simple models for association	Understand and use distributions in analysis as a global concept Measure variability within a group; measure variability between groups Compare group to group using displays and measures of variability Describe and quantify sampling error Quantification of association; fitting of models for association
Interpret Data	Students do not look beyond the data No generalization beyond the classroom Note difference between two individuals with different conditions Observe association in displays	Students acknowledge that looking beyond the data is feasible Acknowledge that a sample may or may not be representative of the larger population Note the difference between two groups with different conditions Aware of distinction between observational study and experiment Note differences in strength of association Basic interepretation of models for association Aware of the distinction between association and cause and effect	Students are able to look beyond the data in some contexts Generalize from sample to population Aware of the effect of randomization on the results of experiments Understand the difference between observational studies and experiments Interpret measures of strength of association Interpret models of association Distinguish between conclusions from association studies and experiments

*Descriptions are from Table 1 on pages 14-15 (A - Beginning; B - Intermediate; C - Advanced) in Franklin, C., Kader, G., Mewborn, D., Moreno, J., Peck, R., Perry, M., & Scheaffer, R. (2007). Guidelines for assessment and instruction in statistics education (GAISE) report. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.